GM
Method
Genetic modification is the insertion or deletion of genes. In Cisgenesis process genes are transferred artificially between organisms could be grown traditionally. In the process of transgenic genes from different species are inserted, which is a form of horizontal transfer of genes. In nature, this can occur when the exogenous DNA penetrates the cell membrane for some reason. This may require artificially fixing genes from virus or just physically inserting extra DNA in the nucleus of the headquarters of a very small needle, or with very small particles fired from a gene gun. However, other methods of exploitation of natural forms of gene transfer, such as the ability of bacteria to transfer equipment the genetics of plants, and the ability of lentiviruses to transfer genes into animal cells.
Development
The first commercial culture of genetically modified foods was a tomato (Call FlavrSavr), which was amended to mature without softening by a Californian company Calgene. Calgene has taken the initiative to seek the approval of FDA to launch in 1994 without any special labeling, although such approval is legally required. It has been well received by consumers who have purchased raw fruit substantially on the price of regular tomatoes. However, production problems and competition from a classic race, the variety in the product life prevented be profitable. A variant of the Flavr Savr was used by Zeneca to produce tomato paste which was sold in Europe during the summer 1996. The labeling and pricing were designed as marketing experience, which was at the time that European consumers would accept genetically modified foods.
Currently, there are a number of species food, with a genetically modified version exists.
Food
GM Properties
Change
For one hundred Updated U.S.
Updated per cent in the world
Soy
Resistant to the herbicide glyphosate or glufosinate
Genetic resistance to the herbicide taken from bacteria inserted in soybeans
89%
TBA
Corn, field
Resistant to glyphosate or glufosinate herbicide, insect resistance – with the help of some proteins Bt and are used as pesticides in organic crop production.
vitamin-enriched corn of the variety of corn grains of white South Africa M37W bright orange, with 169x increase in beta-carotene, vitamin C and folate 6x 2x. | | New genes added or transferred into the genome of plants. | | 60% | | TBA
Cotton (cottonseed oil)
Pest Resistant Cotton
Bt crystal protein added / transferred Genome
83%
62%
Hawaiian Papaya
Variety is resistant to papaya ringspot virus.
a new gene is added or transferred in plant genomics
50%
TBA
Tomatoes
The variety in the production of the enzyme polygalacturonase (PG) is removed, delaying fruit softening after harvest.
A reverse copy (Antisense gene) of the gene responsible for production of the PG enzyme added in the plant genome
Withdrawal from the market because of business failure.
Not
Potatoes
waxy starch product range Amflora composed almost exclusively of amylopectin starch.
The gene for starch synthase bound granules (GBSS) (the key enzyme for the synthesis of amylose) was deactivated by inserting a copy antisense GBSS gene.
Amflora be exclusively in terms contract farming and did not generally available in the market.
TBA
Rapeseed (canola)
The resistance to herbicides (glyphosate or glufosinate), canola high content of lauric acid
new genes added or transferred to plant genomics
75%
TBA
Sugarcane
Resistance some pesticides, high sucrose cane.
new genes added or transferred to plant genomics
TBA
TBA
Sugar beet
The resistance to glyphosate, the herbicide glufosinate
new genes added or transferred to plant genomics
TBA
TBA
The sweet corn
Produce their own biopesticide (Bt toxin)
Genes from Bacillus thuringiensis has been added to the plant.
TBA
TBA
Rice
Genetically modified for contain high amounts of vitamin A (beta carotene)
"Golden Rice" Three new genes located: two from daffodils and the third from a bacterium
TBA
TBA
Moreover, genetically different microorganisms are used as source of enzymes for the manufacture of a wide variety of processed foods. This including alpha-amylase from bacteria, which converts starch into simple sugars, bacteria or fungi that chymosin milk protein blood clots in the manufacture cheese, mushrooms and pectinesterase that improves the clarity of fruit juice.
The cultivation of GM maize
Between 1997 and 2005, the total land area planted with transgenic has increased by a factor of 50, than 17,000 km2 (4.2 million acres) of 900,000 km2 (222 million acres).
Although most GM crops in America North in recent years has experienced a rapid growth area planted in developing countries. For example, in 2005 the largest increase in area planted GM crops (soybeans) was in Brazil (94,000 km2 in 2005 compared to 50,000 km2 in 2004.) also experienced a rapid and continuous expansion of varieties GM cotton in India since 2002. (Cotton is an important source of vegetable cooking oil and animal feeds.) It is expected that in 2008 / 9 32 000 km2 of cotton GM will be harvested in India (over 100 percent compared with the previous season).
The National Indian cotton yields average GM cotton has been seven times lower in 2002 because the parent cotton plant used in the variant of genetic engineering was not well suited the climate of India and failed. The publicity given to the nature of resistance to Bt transgenic insects has encouraged the adoption of hybrid cotton varieties more Bt trait efficient and substantially reduces the loss of insect predators. While transgenic cotton is often controversial and contested, economic and environmental in India for the farmer have been documented.
In 2003, countries have increased by 99% of global transgenic crops were the United States (63%) Argentina (21%), Canada (6%), Brazil (4%), China (4%) and South Africa (1%). The Grocery Manufacturers of America estimates that 75% of all processed foods in the U.S. contain a GM ingredient. In particular, Bt corn, which produces the pesticide in the plant itself is widely cultivated, like soybeans genetically designed to tolerate glyphosate herbicides. It is "input-traits" for economic benefit to producers, have indirect benefits and benefits marginal environmental costs to consumers.
United States, in 2006 89% of the total area sown to soybeans, 83% cotton, corn and 61% were varieties transgenic. soybeans genetically modified herbicide-tolerant traits only made, but corn and cotton made two herbicide tolerance and protection insect against strokes (that Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides Last largely Bt protein). In 2002-2006, there were significant increases in protected area planted to cotton and Bt maize and herbicide tolerant maize have also increased the cultivated area.
Crop yields
Some scientific studies have argued that genetically modified varieties of plants do not produce higher yields than normal plants. But other studies scientists dispute these claims. [Citation needed]
A study by Charles Benbrook, chief scientist of the Organic Law Center, found that Roundup Ready GM soy do not increase yields (Bendrook, 1999). The report reviewed over 8,200 university trials in 1998 and found that soy Roundup Ready yielded 7-10% less than similar natural varieties. Furthermore, the same study revealed that farmers use 5-10 times more herbicide (Roundup) in soybean Roundup Ready on the classics.
The coexistence and traceability
The United States and Canada do not require labeling of genetically modified foods. However, in some other areas, like the European Union, Japan, Malaysia and Australia, governments require labeling so that consumers can make informed choices between GM foods, conventional or organic origin. This requires a system of labeling and reliable separation of GM and the level of non-GM and the entire chain processing. The research suggests that it may be impossible. [Citation needed]
For traceability, the OECD has launched a "unique identifier" given to the GMO when it is approved. This ID should only be sent to every step of the process. [Edit] countries that have established the rules and guidelines for labeling coexistence and traceability. Research projects as Co-Extra, and SIGMEA Transcontainer to explore better methods for ensuring coexistence and stakeholders provide tools for the implementation of coexistence and traceability. [Citation needed]
Detection
Test on GMOs in food and feed is commonly done, using molecular techniques such as DNA microarrays or qPCR. These tests can be based on the detection of genetic elements (such as p35S, NWT, Pat, or the bar) or markers specific official GM event (such as MON810, Bt11, or GT73). The multiplex PCR method combines the matrix and network technology to analyze the samples for different GM potential, the combination of different approaches (elements of control, plant-specific markers and specific markers for the event).
The qPCR for the detection of specific events by using specific primers for GMO detection elements or markers specific to the event. Controls are necessary to avoid false positive or false negative. For example, a CaMV test is used to prevent a false positive in the case of a virus sample contamination.
PLU
A Start Price Look-Up Code number 8 indicates genetically modified foods.
Controversy
Main article: the controversy of genetically modified genetically
Although it is clear that there is a food supply problem, the question is whether it can solve the problems of hunger GM. Many scientists believe that meet the demand for food in the developing world, a second green revolution with the increasing use of GM crops is needed. Others argue that there is than enough food in the world hunger crisis is caused by problems in food distribution and politics, not production. Recently, some critics have changed their minds on the issue regarding the need for extra food.
enetic change is analogous to nuclear power: no one likes, but climate change adoption has made mandatory, "said economist Paul Collier, Oxford University." I refuse genetic modification is a complex issue more complex. Genetic modification offers faster adaptation of crops and biological rather than chemical, approaches improves performance. "
Moreover, many believe that FMGs have not been successful and that we should devote our efforts and money on another solution. and biodiversity needs more working with nature nutrient and water cycles, not against them, "said Vandana Shiva. Shiva Navdanya founder, the movement of the guards of 500,000 seeds and organic farmers in India, argues that FMGs have not increased yields. Recently Doug Gurian-Sherman, a member of the Union of Concerned Scientists, a nonprofit group of defense science, has published a report entitled ailurids for the transfer, in which he stated that a record of almost 20 years, GM crops have increased yields.
The adoption of a more technical approach, helping farmers produce GMF, despite the obstacles or barriers in the environment. lthough the new technologies should be tested before marketing, must be aware of the risks of not releasing all, "says Per Pinstrup-Andersen, food, nutrition and public policy at Cornell University. Per Pinstrup-Anderson argues, ideology isguided anti-science, not by governments to give priority to agriculture and development rural development in developing countries has brought us the food crisis. It clearly shows the challenge that we face the challenge is not whether we have enough resources to produce, but if change our behavior.
The economic and political rights
Adoption of GM crops in the United States.
Many defenders of the crops GM say they use fewer pesticides and resulted in increased yields and profitability for many farmers, including those in developing countries.
States America has seen widespread adoption of genetically modified crops, cotton and soybeans in the last decade (see graph).
In August 2003, Zambia cut GM food (mainly maize) World Food Programme. It was beaten by a hungry population without food aid.
In December 2005, the Zambian government has changed its mind against hunger permits and import of genetically modified corn. However, the Zambian Agriculture Minister Mundia Sikatana has insisted that GM maize ban continues: "We do not want genetically modified (GM) and hope that all we continue to produce non-GM food. "
In April 2004, Hugo Chvez, has announced a total ban on genetically modified seeds in Venezuela.
In January 2005, the Hungarian government announced a ban on the import and planting of genetically modified corn seeds, which was then approved by the EU.
On August 18, 2006, U.S. exports rice to Europe were interrupted when a large portion of American production has have been contaminated with unapproved genes changed, probably due to accidental cross-pollination with conventional crops.
On February 9, 2010, Minister Environment of India, Jairam Ramesh, has imposed a moratorium on the cultivation of the FMG "for all that is necessary to establish public trust." His decision was taken after protests from various groups to meet for regulatory approval of Bt Brinjal corn, eggplant GM in October 2009.
IP
Traditionally, the farmers of all nations have their own saved seed from year to year. To continue this practice would be genetically modified by developers seeds lose the ability to take advantage of their reproductive work. Therefore seeds, genetically modified prior authorization of their creators in contracts are written to prevent farmers to continue this traditional practice. Many of the objections to GM crops is based on the change.
Main article: Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser
Patent Compliance GM crops is often controversial, especially because the flow of genes. In 1998, 95-98 percent of planted about 10 km2 canola by Canadian farmer Percy Schmeiser was found to contain Monsanto's patented Roundup Ready Company, although Schmeiser had never bought Monsanto seed. The initial source of the plants was indefinite and could be in the flow of genes or theft, or intentional. But the overwhelming predominance of an implicit that Schmeiser must have intentionally selected for it. The court found that Schmeiser had kept the seeds of the areas on and near their property where Roundup has been sprayed, such as ditches and utility poles nearby.
Although unable to prove a direct flight, Monsanto sued Schmeiser for piracy and who knowingly makes plants grow Roundup Ready without paying royalties (Ibid). The case is the Supreme Court of Canada in 2004 ruled 5-4 in favor of Monsanto. The dissenting judges focused on the fact that Monsanto's patent only covered the same gene and cells resistant to glyphosate, and did not cover the whole transgenic plants. All judges agreed that Mr. Schmeiser did not have to pay damages because they had not benefited from using genetically modified seeds.
In response to criticism, Monsanto Canada's director of public affairs, said "This is not and has never been the policy of Monsanto Canada to enforce its patents on crops Roundup Ready, which are present in a farmer's field accident … Only when there was a conscious and deliberate violation of Monsanto's patent rights act. "
Future developments
Future planned applications of GMOs are diverse and include drugs in food, bananas that produce human vaccines against infectious diseases, Hepatitis B, metabolically modified fish that mature more quickly, fruit and nut trees in previous years performance, the foods that contain more common properties associated with intolerance, and the plants that produce new plastics with unique properties. While its practicality or efficiency in commercial production has not yet been fully tested, the next decade could see an exponential increase in the development of genetically modified as the increase of researchers greater access to genomic resources that are applicable to organisms beyond the scope of individual projects. Tests safety of these products will also be at the same time, are necessary to ensure that the benefits actually received were collected over the hidden costs and development. Plant scientists, supported by the results of the full profiles modern crop composition, emphasized that using modified crops GM techniques are less likely to have unwanted changes Traditional cultures.
Health Risks
In the U.S., the FDA Center Food Safety and Applied Nutrition nutritional characteristics must approve GM foods on the basis of conventionally produced food comparable. The following table shows the food they had received FDA approval in 2002.
A 2008 review published by the Royal Society of Medicine said that genetically modified foods have been consumed by millions of people worldwide for over 15 years without reports of adverse effects. Similarly, a report 2004 of the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, said: "To date, no adverse health effects attributed to genetic engineering have been documented in the human population. "Globally, there is a broad perspective within NGOs on the safety of genetically modified foods. For example, U.S. Pro-GM lobby AgBioWorld argued that GM foods have been proven safe, while other pressure groups and consumer rights groups, such as the Organic Consumers Association and Greenpeace called on long-term risks to health from GM could pose, or the risks associated environmental GMOs have not yet been sufficiently studied.
In 1998, the Rowett Research Institute Scientific SPR reported that Pusztai consumption of potatoes genetically modified to contain lectins had intestinal adverse effects in rats. Pusztai finally published a paper co-written by Stanley Ewen, in The Lancet. The document states that show that rats fed genetically modified potatoes with Snowdrop lectin had unusual changes in your gut compared with rats fed unmodified potatoes. The experience has been criticized by others on the basis that non-modified potatoes is not a fair system of control and that all the rats may have been ill due to his being subjected to a regime of potatoes only.
In 2010, three scientists published a new statistical analysis of the three feeding trials had been published by others that establish the safety of genetically modified corn. The new article claimed that its statistics show that instead of the three crops patented (MON 810, MON 863 and NK 603) developed and owned by Monsanto cause liver, kidney and heart damage mammals. A previous reanalysis of some of these data by the same group of scientists has been assessed by an independent panel of toxicologists in a study funded by Monsanto and published in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology, the evaluators note that the study was statistically flawed and provide no evidence of adverse effects.
Gene transfer
In January 2009 there was only one man feeding study on the effects of genetically modified foods. In the study involved seven volunteers who had his large intestine. These volunteers have been eating genetically modified soybeans to see if GM soy DNA transferred to bacteria living naturally in the human intestine. Researchers have identified three of the seven volunteers from the GM soya transgene transferred to bacteria living in their intestines, but not transfer occurred during the study genes. In volunteers with complete digestive tract, the transgene did not survive the passage in the gastrointestinal tract intact. activists anti-GMO believe that the study should lead to further tests to determine its meaning.
Study on the possible effects of genetically modified food to feed animals there was no significant difference in the safety and nutritional value of animal feed containing genetically modified plant material. In particular, study noted that no residues of recombinant DNA or novel proteins have been found in any organ or tissue samples from animals fed GMP plant.
Allergies
In mid-1990 Pioneer Hi-Bred tested the allergenicity of transgenic soybean expressing a protein in the horse chestnut seed storage in the hope that the seeds have increased levels of the amino acid methionine. The tests (RAST, immunoblotting, and skin tests) showed that people allergic to nuts Brazil are also allergic to soy New GM. Pioneer said it will not develop commercial cultivars containing Brazil nut protein because protein is probable that is allergen.
See also
Plant breeding
Transgenic plants
International trade in genetically modified organisms
References
^ JX Kang et al. (2007). "Why are omega-3 fatty acids should go to market." Nature Biotechnology 25 (5): 505 506. DOI: 10.1038/nbt0507-505. http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v25/n5/full/nbt0507-505.html. Retrieved on 29/03/2009.
^ Fiesta, A. (2006). "Why omega-3 pork should not go to market. "Nature Biotechnology 24: 14,721,473. DOI: 10.1038/nbt1206-1472. http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1053&context=bioethics_papers. Retrieved on 29/03/2009.
^ Lai L et al. (2006). "The generation of cloned transgenic pigs rich in omega-3 fatty acids." Nature Biotechnology 24 (4): 435 436. DOI: 10.1038/nbt1198. http://pmbcii.psy.cmu.edu/evans/2006_Lia.pdf. Retrieved on 29/03/2009.
^ Guelph transgenic pigs Program Research: a breed of pig EnviropigTM environmentally friendly plant using phosphorus effectively. November 4, 2005.
Ab ^ NRC. (2004). Security Genetically Modified the methods of assessing unintended effects of health. National Academies Press. Free text.
Ab ^ Martineau, Belinda (2001). Scoop: The Creation of the Flavr Savr and the birth of these foods. McGraw-Hill. pp. 269. ISBN 978-0071360562.
^ Letter from the FDA (September 1994): First Tomato Marketed Biotechnology
^ GEO-PIE Project – Cornell University
^ Shaista Naqvi, et al. transgenic maize endosperm by multivitamin biofortification vitamins and three representatives of three different routes PNAS, April 27, 2009.
^ [Http: / / www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/NPH-1.pdf Richard M. Manshardt H Rainbow papaya: a high quality hybrid genetically resistant to disease. Cooperative Extension Service / CTAHR, University of Hawaii at Manoa.]
^ [Http: / / www.foodsafety.gov/ ~ lrd / biotechn.html U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Biotechnology Food. FDA background: May 18, 1994.]
^ Amflora – A star (CH) was born: amylose and amylopectin – the two sides of a block of land.
^ In rapeseed (canola) has been genetically modified to alter the oil content of a gene that encodes a thioesterase "12:00" (TE) of the plant enzyme Bay, California (Umbellularia californica) to increase medium length fatty acids, see:
Enzymes and microorganisms GE ^
Need a source ^ most concrete of these data as the homepage of the ISAAA.
^ Economic impact of genetically modified cotton India
^ By comparing the performance of official and unofficial genetically modified cotton in India
Genetically modified food and organisms ^
^ Genetic engineering: the future of food?
^ The adoption of GM crops in the U.S. USDA ERS July 14, 2006
Press Releases 2008 ^
Organic farming can ^ feed the world!
^ Trade barriers seen in the European Union to label the ingredients of bioengineering. (Legislation and Policy Trends). Business and Environment 13.11 (November 2002): p14 (1).
Ab ^ northwestern.edu Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property Paper: "Protection Consumer "Consumer Strategies and the EU market of genetically modified crops Deductible: The recent Trans Atlantic Consumer Dialogue (TACD) Declaration on the WTO ruling clearly says, "clearly consumer preference for non-GM food is the real force behind the drop U.S. market for crops. "And, for example, Evenson notes that the politicization of GMOs is not only a question of labeling information but unlabelled GM products as catalysts in the reaction of globalization. "
Ab ^ CBC Identifying genetically modified products. Quote: However, as shown in this report from Radio-Canada market, there is no labeling law in Canada despite numerous surveys indicating up to 90 percent of Canadians want mandatory labeling of GM foods. Canada's first national consumer group does not support mandatory labeling. Apparently reversing his position on December 3, 2003: http://www.consumer.ca/1626
^
^ Raney, Terri, and Prahbu Pingali. "Sowing a Gene Revolution. Scientific American September 2007. 11> September 2008 http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=sowing-a-gene-revolution <.
^ Lappe FM, Collins J, Rosset P, and Moore Lapp LFrances Esparza, Peter Rosset, Joseph Collins. With Luis Esparza. (1998). World Hunger: Twelve Myths. Grove Press. pp. 224. ISBN 978-0802135919.
^ Fingers by Douglas H. Boucher Boucher. (1999). The paradox of plenty: hunger in a world of Bountiful. Food First. pp. 342. ISBN 978-0935028713.
^ Valle, Pablo. strange fruit Food: Could GM offer a solution the world food crisis? The Independent, April 18, 2009.
^ Http: / / roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/can-biotech-food-cure-world-hunger / pablo # Put aside prejudices
^ Http: / / roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/can-biotech-food-cure-world-hunger / # If no crop Vandana Gene] Alteration
^ # Http: / / roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/can-biotech-food-cure-world-hunger / a Green Revolution Done Right
^ Http: / / www.ers.usda.gov/Data/BiotechCrops/ United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. The adoption of biotech crops United States July 2, 2008
^ Economic Impact of GM crops in developing countries
^ Zambia allows its people to eat
^ The Peninsula On-line: Qatar English major newspapers
^ New World Environment – Planet Ark
^ Venezuela: Chavez Dumps Monsanto – Social and Economic Policy – Global Policy Forum
^ Top
^ Agriculture Department Probes Rice Flap: NPR
^ "India says no to the first genetically modified food crops," Agence France-Presse (AFP) (New Delhi), February 9, 2010, http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hx8gKVOxrM8-7Pkj6nWSsPwbXBIw
^ United States Office of General Accounting report, the Chairman of the Subcommittee on Risk Management, Research, and specialty crops Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives. Information on prices of genetically modified seeds in the United States and Argentina. January 2000
Ab ^ Munzer, Stephen R. (2006). Plants, grievances, and intellectual property. Oxford University Press. pp. 130.
Ab ^ Federal Court of Canada. Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser Date: 20010329 File: T-1593-1598 Accessed March 26, 2006.
^ Schubert, Robert: "Schmeiser wants to take him to the Supreme Court," New CropChoice September 9, 2002
^ Kumar, Sunil GB, Ganapathi TR, CJ Revathi, L. Srinivas and VA Bapat (October 2005). "Expression of surface antigen of hepatitis B in transgenic bananas. Planta 222: 484 493. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-1556-y. http://www.springerlink.com/content/j28573pu42212114/.
^ Van Beilen, Jan B., Yves Poirier (May 2008). "Use of biomass biofuel plants and Biomaterials: Production of renewable polymers from crop plants. "The Plant Journal 54 (4): 684 701. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03431.x. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03431.x.
unwanted effects ^ Proteomics profiling in genetically modified crops Sirpa O. Krenlampi and Satu J. Lehesranta 2006
^ Shows hierarchical metabolomics significant similarity in the composition of genetically modified crops Papa classic Catchpole GS and other PNAS October 4, 2005, vol. No. 102. 40 14458-14462
^ Http: / / www.gao.gov/new.items/d02566.pdf U.S. GAO. "Genetically Engineered Food Genetically Modified: Experts See Plan adequate safety testing, but the process of evaluating the FDA could be improved. "GAO-02-566 genetically modified
^ Key S, Ma JK, Drake PM (June 2008). "Genetically modified plants and human health." JR Soc Med 101 (6): 2908. DOI: 10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372. PMID 18515776. http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/full/101/6/290.
^ Peer-reviewed publications on the safety of genetically modified foods. AgBioWorld.
^ Organic Consumers Association
^ However, the real food!
^ James Randerson interviews biologist Arpad Pusztai | Education | The Guardian
^ Ewen SW, Pusztai A (October 1999). "Effect of a diet with GM potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin modified the rat small intestine. Lancet 354 (9187): 13 534. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (98) 05860-7. PMID 10533866.
^ Martin Enserink Lancet played on paper Pusztai Science October 22, 1999: vol. 286. no. 5440, p. 656 DOI 10.1126/science.286.5440.656a
^ Hammond B, Lemen J, Dudek R, et al. (February 2006). "The results of a safety study of 90-day warranty with rats fed grain from corn root worm protected corn. "Food Chem Toxicol. 44 (2): 14 760. Doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.06.008. PMID 16084637.
^ Hammond B, Dudek R, Lemen J, Nemeth M (June 2004). "The results of a guarantee of 13 weeks rats fed on grain security of glyphosate-tolerant corn. Food Chem. Toxicol. 42 (6): 100 314. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.013. PMID 15110110.
^ Hammond BG, Dudek R, Lemen JK, Nemeth MA (July 2006). "The results of a study the security guarantee for 90 days with rats fed grain from corn borer-protected corn. "Food Chem Toxicol. 44 (7): 10 929. Doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.003. PMID 16487643.
^ Spiroux of Vendmois, et al, "Comparison of the effects of three varieties of GM maize health mammals Int J Biol Sci 2009, 5:706-726 International Ivyspring Editor
^ J Doull, Gaylor D, Greim HA, Lynch B Lovell DP, Munro IC (November 2007). "Report of the Expert Group on confirmatory testing through a 90-day study conducted by Monsanto to support the safety of genetically modified corn variety (MON 863). "Food Chem Toxicol. 45 (11): 207 385. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.033. PMID 17900781. http://150.161.28.147/homepage/professores/ ppa/biolmol/stacking/Doull_et_al-2007.pdf.
^ Netherwood et al., "Evaluation the survival of transgenic plant DNA in the human gastrointestinal tract Planica, "Nature Biotechnology 22 (2004): 2.
^ Smith, Jeffrey. Genetic Roulette: The health risks of genetically modified foods documented, p.130, 2007
^ Http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content ~ db = all? Content = 10.1080/17450390512331342368 "Feed to foods derived from genetically modified" Prof. Dr. Gerhard Flachowsky, Andrew Chesson, Karen Aulrich
^ Julie A. Nordlee, "Identification of Brazil nut allergen in transgenic soybeans," New England Journal of Medicine, 334 (1996) :688-692.
^ Streit, LG, LR Beach, JC Register, III, R. Jung, and WR Fehr. 2001. Association protein gene of Brazil nuts and the alleles of Kunitz trypsin inhibitor with activity protease inhibitors and agronomic characteristics of soybean. Sci cultures. 41:17571760.
References
Advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified foods modified.
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml
Wikibooks has a book on the subject of
Genes, Technology and Policy
Resolution to label GM foods to ensure the resolution of labeling GM foods mandatory.
For citizens Site Info Label GMO food labeling of GM food.
FAO Agriculture Department and the SOFA report on Agricultural Biotechnology in food safety GM
GMO Compass Information on the use of genetic engineering in food industry. Authorization database with all GM crops in the EU.
GMO Safety Information on research projects in biological safety of genetically modified plants.
Approved Data based on transgenic crops
New scientific paper on genetically modified foods
The FDA list of completed consultations GM food
research project on coexistence and traceability of GM and non-GM co-extracted-supply chains
STEPS Research Center Biotechnology Archive
The control of our food from a documentary film by Marie-Monique Robin
Recommended Reading
Mark Pollack & Gregory Shaffer, when cooperation fails: International Law and Policy of genetically modified (Oxford University Press, 2009).
Mendel the kitchen, by Nina Fedoroff and Nancy Marie Brown
The food crisis Environment Food study of the United Nations World Population (2009)
Table of tomorrow: Organic Farming, Genetics and the Future of Food, Ronald and Adamchak (2008) ISBN 978-0195301755
Agriculture Biotechnology and safety Southern African food is edited by Steven Grebmer Omama and Klaus von (2005) (Short and the book is available)
Genetic Roulette: The documented risks health of genetically modified foods by Jeffrey M. Smith.
Beth H. Harrison (2007) Shedding light on genetically changed: What food you do not know you eat what you can do to protect
Hunger by Brian Kenneth Swain is a new fiction book on the subject of genetically modified foods and their possible consequences for society. ISBN 978-0595686254
McHugh, A. Pandora 'S Picnic Basket: The Potential and risks of genetically modified foods, Oxford University Press, 2000
Tokar, B. (Ed.) Restructuring life? Zed Books, 2001.
Let Them Eat carefully. How does the policy of the genetic revolution in agriculture. Byrne, J., Conko, G., Entin, J., Gilland, T., Hoban, TH, Moore, P. Natsios, A. S, Newell-McGloughlin, M., Paarlberg, RL, Prakash, CS, Tucker Foreman, C., under the direction of Jon Entin AEI Press (Washington) 2006. The facets of the debate on GM crops are not covered by the technology of the antagonists.
Nina V. Genetic Fedoroff and Nancy Marie Brown
Helena Norberg-Hodge, "the pressure for modernization and globalization", in the case against the economy and global change to Local 45 (Mander and Goldsmith JE, eds, 1996).
Ellen Ruppel Shell, the syndrome of the New World, Atlantic Monthly, June 2001
Vandana Shiva, a vision of the world of plenty, ORION, Summer 2000
Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All American Food (2001)
Michael Pollan, The Future Food: The industry has found a way to co-opt the threat of Biological and weak supply. Remember that meals in a pill?, NY Times MAG., Dom, May 4, 2003, sec. 6, p. 63
Matt Lee and Lee, Ted, The Next Big Flavor: Finding the idea of the future, id. 66
Amanda Hesser, Cortes Vintage, id. 72
Danylo Hawaleshka Brian Bethune and Sue Ferguson, Tainted Food (Kraft to develop nanoparticles that can change the color of food taste and nutritional value to satisfy a person or health of the Palace)
Gary Ruskin, The Bride of fast food: Commercialism creates overweight children, maternity Mazagine, November / December 2003
Kate Zernike that obesity is the responsibility of the body politic?, NY Times, Sun November 9, 2003, sec. 4, p. 3
Carl Hulse, vote on the gates of the House of T-shirts Quoting of Obesity, NY Times, Thursday March 11, 2004 and dry. AP 1
Garcia, Deborah Koons (Director). 2004. The Future of Food. film.
v, d, e
The consumer food safety
Adulterants / contaminants Food
Melamine Formaldehyde cyanide 3-MCPD lead poisoning mercury in fish Sudan red dye aldicarb
Toxins and poisons
Mycotoxins Shellfish Poisoning arsenic contamination of groundwater aflatoxin benzene in drinks Bisphenol A non-alcoholic
Microorganisms
Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157: H7 Listeria Salmonella botulism Clostridium perfringens Hepatitis A Hepatitis E Norovirus Rotavirus
Excessive pesticide use / waste
DDT, lindane, malathion, chlorpyrifos, methamidophos
Condoms
Benzoate benzoic acid EDTA
Sweeteners
Aspartame controversy Cyclamate Saccharin Sucralose Acesulfame Potassium high fructose corn syrup, sorbitol
Food crisis
ICA meat repackaging sweet grapes dispute Bradford Minamata poisoning in Chile 2005 in Indonesia fear food milk scandal scare scared Vietnam Chinese Food 2008 2007 2008 outbreak of listeriosis Canada 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak of 2006 crisis outbreak of E. North America Irish pig coli 2008 list of toxic oil syndrome outbreak list food-borne contamination of food incidents
Regulation / Watchdog
International Food Safety Food and Drug Administration number E daily intake of Standards Agency Food Quality Assurance International Food Safety Legislation Act of 1990 Pure Food and Drug List Authority Act European Food Safety of foods food safety agencies early in the history of food regulation in the U.S. food labeling regulations
Transforming food
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Nitrosamines food irradiation acrylamide Trans fatty protein hydrolyzed vegetable shortening 4-hydroxynonenal modified starch heterocyclic amines Creutzfeldtakob disease
Several
Foodborne Diseases Food Safety Conservation China Food Curing (food preservation) marketing of quality food safety food genetically modified foods food (Science) food policy
Categories: Food | Genetically modified organisms in agriculture | Gene Technology | Environmental issuesHidden categories: All articles to be expanded | Related Articles in January 2010 | April 2009 stubs About the Author
I am a professional writer from Frbiz Site, which contains a great deal of information about hawaiian noni juice , shark cartilage powder, welcome to visit!
Genecode Phenomenon Is Already On Malaysian Shore
